Reference
Sources
Every source this document rests on, grouped by what kind of source it is - and, for each one, the pages that actually cite it.
Primary sources only where available: government standards, peer-reviewed research, reported decisions, patents and filings. Where the primary source could not be reached, the intermediary is named and the entry says so.
This is a design document; nothing described in it has been built, which means the sources are the only part of it that can be checked today. So they are set out here in full rather than compressed into a bibliography line, and each one carries a plain statement of what kind of source it is - because the difference between a Bureau of Justice Statistics series, a peer-reviewed evaluation, a component datasheet and a press report is the difference between four very different kinds of confidence, and a flat numbered list hides it.
- Vendor material is marked. A datasheet is a claim by the party selling the part. It is good evidence of what is on the market and weak evidence of how the part behaves in the field, and nothing on this site treats it as more than that.
- Reporting and private compilations are separated. They are kept because in a few places they are the only public record of an operating figure, and they are grouped apart so no reader has to work out which category a citation came from.
- Unverified citations are not in this list. Three reported decisions and one secondhand figure could not be confirmed against an official reporter or the original paper. They are named on open questions rather than quietly rendered here as if they had been.
The list is reproduced from the appendix to the Anchored Zone Protocol, a draft specification dated 21 August 2026 which is the source document for much of this site. Its own sourcing rule is the paragraph at the top of this page.
Government standards, official statistics and official guidance
Published by the agency that collected the data or wrote the standard. Where one of these is the origin of a figure on this site, no intermediary is cited in front of it.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [1] | BJS, Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from State Prison: A 9-Year Follow-Up (2005-14), NCJ 251773 (May 2019) | Bureau of Justice Statistics report |
| [2] | BJS, Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994, NCJ 198281 (Nov. 2003) | Bureau of Justice Statistics report |
| [3] | Snyder, BJS, Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement, NCJ 182990 (2000). NIBRS 1991-96, 12 states | Bureau of Justice Statistics report (NIBRS) |
| [4] | DOJ SMART Office, SOMAPI ch. 8, restating Sandler, Freeman & Socia (2008), Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 14(4) | DOJ SMART Office research synthesis |
| [11] | NIJ Standard-1004.00, Offender Tracking Systems, NCJ 249810 | National Institute of Justice equipment standard |
| [14] | U.S. Courts, Location Monitoring Reference Guide. The once-daily charging instruction appears in district-level participant handouts rather than in the national guide | Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts guidance |
| [31] | GAO-16-10, Offender Monitoring Technologies | Government Accountability Office report |
Peer-reviewed research
Journal articles, meta-analyses and field measurements that went through review. Two of these - the tram and bus proximity measurements, and the Cook County alert study - are the reason several design decisions on this site went the way they did.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [5] | Levenson & Zgoba (2016), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60(11). Author order corrected from an earlier draft | Peer-reviewed journal article |
| [15] | Leith & Farrell, PLOS ONE (2020) e0239943 (tram) and (2021) e0250826 (bus); MIT Lincoln Laboratory | Peer-reviewed field measurement (two papers) |
| [17] | Hwang, Maniar, Smith & Nivens (2026), "False Alerts Related to GPS Electronic Monitoring in Illinois Cook County Sheriff's Office," Criminal Justice Review; urban GNSS error, Satellite Navigation (2025) | Peer-reviewed journal article, plus a peer-reviewed GNSS error study |
| [24] | Turner, Chamberlain, Jannetta & Hess (2015), Victims & Offenders | Peer-reviewed evaluation |
| [25] | Zgoba & Mitchell (2021), Journal of Experimental Criminology. 18 studies, 474,640 individuals | Peer-reviewed meta-analysis |
| [26] | Hanson, Thornton, Helmus & Babchishin (2016), Sexual Abuse 28(3); Static-99R Evaluators' Workbook (2021) | Peer-reviewed actuarial research, plus the instrument workbook |
| [28] | Vaudenay, "Analysis of DP3T"; EPFL LASEC, The Dark Side of SwissCovid | Peer-reviewed and academic cryptanalysis |
Reported decisions
Cited to the reporter. Where a citation could not be confirmed against an official reporter it is not in this group - it is listed as unverified on the open questions page instead.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [6] | Grady v. North Carolina, 575 U.S. 306 (2015) | Supreme Court of the United States (per curiam) |
| [7] | Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003) | Supreme Court of the United States |
| [8] | Does #1-5 v. Snyder, 834 F.3d 696 (6th Cir. 2016) | United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit |
| [9] | Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) | Supreme Court of the United States |
| [10] | NARSOL v. Stein, 112 F.4th 196 (4th Cir. 2024) | United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit |
Technical standards, specifications, datasheets and filings
The radio and cryptography claims on this site rest on this group. Two entries are vendor-published and are marked; a datasheet is a manufacturer's claim about its own part, not an independent measurement, and it is treated that way wherever it is used.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [13] | NFC Forum, Certification Release 15 (Oct. 22, 2025) | Standards body certification release |
| [16] | Silicon Labs, BLE Channel Sounding performance metrics Vendor-published | Silicon vendor performance characterization |
| [18] | Qorvo DWM3000 datasheet; UWB energy analysis, arXiv 2311.14523 Vendor-published | Component datasheet, plus an independent energy analysis |
| [19] | Google/Apple, Exposure Notification Cryptography Specification v1.2.1 | Published cryptographic specification |
Vendor material
Product documentation from a company selling into this market. It is here because it establishes what is commercially available today, which is a question of fact. It is not evidence that the product performs as documented.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [12] | BI Incorporated, VeriWatch 2 product documentation (vendor material) Vendor-published | Manufacturer product documentation |
Agency and institutional evaluations
Program evaluations and oversight reports. These are not peer-reviewed, but they are the primary record of what the programs they describe actually did.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [21] | Vera Institute, People on Electronic Monitoring (2024) | Institutional research and policy analysis |
| [22] | Bales et al., NIJ (2010), Florida electronic monitoring assessment | National Institute of Justice evaluation |
| [23] | Gies et al., NIJ (2012), California GPS supervision evaluation | National Institute of Justice evaluation |
| [27] | Kinney, CASOMB (2019), Homelessness and Transient Status among Registered Sex Offenders in California | State oversight board report |
| [29] | Karsten & West, Brookings (2017) | Think-tank policy analysis |
Security research
Independent examinations of shipping children's tracking hardware. Every one of them found the same class of failure, which is why the threat model on this site treats the child-side device as the thing most likely to be turned against the child.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [33] | Mnemonic AS for the Norwegian Consumer Council, #WatchOut (2017) | Commissioned security assessment |
| [34] | Avast / Martin Hron, Shenzhen i365 tracker research (2019) | Vendor-independent security research |
| [35] | Stykas & Solferini, Black Hat (Aug. 7, 2026) | Security conference research presentation |
Reporting and private compilations
Neither primary nor peer-reviewed. Kept because in several places it is the only public record of an operational figure, and separated so no reader has to guess which of these it is.
| No. | Source | What kind of source it is |
|---|---|---|
| [20] | SafeHome registry compilation (Jan. 2025). Private compilation; NCMEC discontinued its national survey | Private compilation |
| [30] | AP / NBC News (2011), reporting CDCR data for Jan. 2009 - Dec. 2010; Govtech (2014), Los Angeles County alert volumes | Press reporting |
| [32] | CBS Chicago, Cook County electronic monitoring AWOL reporting (2026) | Press reporting |
| [36] | AirTag stalking litigation reporting (2026) | Litigation reporting |
| [37] | NCMEC CyberTipline data (2025) | NGO reporting data |
Which pages cite which source
This table is built by reading the page modules off disk every time the site is generated, so it cannot drift away from the pages it describes. An entry marked not yet cited is not an error - the source is in the appendix of the document this site is built from, and this site has not yet reached the material that uses it. It is left visible because a reference list that quietly hides its own unused half is telling you it is complete when it is not.
| No. | Source | Cited on |
|---|---|---|
| [1] | BJS, Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from State Priso | not yet cited by any page |
| [2] | BJS, Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1 | Coverage |
| [3] | Snyder, BJS, Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported | Coverage, Overview, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [4] | DOJ SMART Office, SOMAPI ch. 8, restating Sandler, Freeman | What to add, Coverage, Evaluation, Overview, The case, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [5] | Levenson & Zgoba (2016), International Journal of Offender | Open questions, The case |
| [6] | Grady v. North Carolina, 575 U.S. 306 (2015) | Overview, Legal architecture, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [7] | Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003) | Overview, Legal architecture, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [8] | Does #1-5 v. Snyder, 834 F.3d 696 (6th Cir. 2016) | What to add, Overview, Legal architecture, Open questions |
| [9] | Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) | Legal architecture |
| [10] | NARSOL v. Stein, 112 F.4th 196 (4th Cir. 2024) | What to add, Legal architecture, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [11] | NIJ Standard-1004.00, Offender Tracking Systems, NCJ 24981 | What to add, Anchor security, Devices, The case |
| [12] | BI Incorporated, VeriWatch 2 product documentation (vendor | Devices |
| [13] | NFC Forum, Certification Release 15 (Oct. 22, 2025) | Anchored zones, Overview |
| [14] | U.S. Courts, Location Monitoring Reference Guide. The once | What to add, Devices, The case |
| [15] | Leith & Farrell, PLOS ONE (2020) e0239943 (tram) and (2021 | Anchored zones, Evaluation, Overview, Sensing, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [16] | Silicon Labs, BLE Channel Sounding performance metrics | Anchored zones, Sensing |
| [17] | Hwang, Maniar, Smith & Nivens (2026), "False Alerts Relate | Accessibility, What to add, Alert tiers, Anchor security, Anchored zones, Console, Evaluation, Overview, Sensing, The case, The warning, What it solves |
| [18] | Qorvo DWM3000 datasheet; UWB energy analysis | Anchored zones, Sensing |
| [19] | Google/Apple, Exposure Notification Cryptography Specifica | Console, Data flow |
| [20] | SafeHome registry compilation | not yet cited by any page |
| [21] | Vera Institute, People on Electronic Monitoring (2024) | not yet cited by any page |
| [22] | Bales et al., NIJ (2010), Florida electronic monitoring as | Evaluation, The case |
| [23] | Gies et al., NIJ (2012), California GPS supervision evalua | What to add, Evaluation, The case |
| [24] | Turner, Chamberlain, Jannetta & Hess (2015), Victims & Off | Evaluation, Open questions, The case, What it solves |
| [25] | Zgoba & Mitchell (2021), Journal of Experimental Criminolo | What to add, Evaluation, The case |
| [26] | Hanson, Thornton, Helmus & Babchishin (2016), Sexual Abuse | Legal architecture |
| [27] | Kinney, CASOMB (2019), Homelessness and Transient Status a | not yet cited by any page |
| [28] | Vaudenay, "Analysis of DP3T"; EPFL LASEC, The Dark Side of | Console, Data flow, Identity, Isolation, Legal architecture, Threat model |
| [29] | Karsten & West, Brookings (2017) | Accessibility, Alert tiers, Anchored zones, Evaluation, Overview, Sensing, The case, The warning, What it solves |
| [30] | AP / NBC News (2011), reporting CDCR data for Jan. 2009 - | Accessibility, Alert tiers, Anchored zones, Overview, What it solves |
| [31] | GAO-16-10, Offender Monitoring Technologies | Alert tiers, Overview, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled, What it solves |
| [32] | CBS Chicago, Cook County electronic monitoring AWOL report | Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
| [33] | Mnemonic AS for the Norwegian Consumer Council | The bracelet, Threat model, The warning |
| [34] | Avast / Martin Hron, Shenzhen i365 tracker research (2019) | The bracelet, Threat model, The warning, What it solves |
| [35] | Stykas & Solferini, Black Hat (Aug. 7, 2026) | Anchor security, The bracelet, Evaluation, Threat model, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled, The warning, What it solves |
| [36] | AirTag stalking litigation reporting | The bracelet, Threat model |
| [37] | NCMEC CyberTipline data (2025) | Coverage, Open questions, Anchor coverage economics are entirely unmodeled |
How a citation is checked here
Two build gates hold this page and the citations together. cite-resolves takes every citation link rendered anywhere on the site, and fails the build unless the key names a real source and the anchor it points at is actually rendered on this page - a citation that lands nowhere is a dead reference, and it looks identical to a live one until someone clicks it. sourced-figures works from the other side: it refuses to ship any page carrying a statistic in prose that has not been declared with its source. Neither of them can tell you a source is good. They can only tell you it is there, and that the number in front of you came from it.
How this works
1:02 · narrated · captioned · nothing here is sent anywhere when you press play. Prefer to read it? The transcript is below.
Transcript
| At | Section | What it says |
|---|---|---|
| 0:02 | What it is | Every figure on this site cites into this list. It is set out in full rather than compressed into a bibliography line at the foot of a page. |
| 0:10 | What kind of source | Each entry states what kind of source it is. A statistics series, a peer-reviewed evaluation, a datasheet and a press report are four different kinds of confidence. |
| 0:20 | Vendor material | Vendor material is marked as vendor material. A datasheet is a claim by the party selling the part: good evidence of what is on the market, weak evidence of behavior. |
| 0:31 | Who cites what | The list also shows which pages cite each source. That table is rebuilt by reading the page modules every time the site is generated, so it cannot drift. |
| 0:41 | The uncited half | Sources nothing cites yet are shown as uncited rather than hidden. A reference list that conceals which half is load-bearing is claiming to be complete when it is not. |
| 0:51 | What is not here | Citations that could not be confirmed are not in this list. They are named on the open questions page instead of being rendered here as though they had been checked. |